Josef Albers was born in Bottrop, Germany in 1888. After training as an artist and teacher, Albers studied and then taught at the Bauhaus until its closure in 1933. After fleeing to America with his wife Anni, Albers taught at Black Mountain College, North Carolina and then at Yale University. Albers' treatise Interaction of Colour was published in 1963. In 1970 Albers moved to Orange, Connecticut where he lived until his death in 1976. That year, The Josef Albers Foundation was formed, followed in 1983 by the opening of a museum dedicated to the artist in Bottrop, Germany. The many important exhibitions of Albers' work include 'The Responsive Eye' at the Museum of Modern Art, New York (1965); a solo show at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (1971) - the first retrospective the museum had devoted to a living artist. In 1988, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum organised a major retrospective to mark the centennary of Albers' birth. Recently a major solo exhibition was organised by the Morandi Museum in Bologna (2005).